The Epirrita problem.

 Of the four Epirrita moth species I'd only come across Small Autumnal Epirrita filigrammaria before moving to Perthshire. (E. filigrammaria is identifiable by flight time, earlier than E. autumnana, and habitat, it is a moorland moth.) Autumnal Moth Epirrita autumnana has occurred a few times in Orkney, but not on my trap sites. In the last few weeks I've started catching Epirrita moths at my new Perthshire garden.

A male Epirrita.

Epirrita species, probably also a male.

In all the identification books there are complex instructions about how to identify these from the wing markings, I don't really understand what they mean as I can't find labelled photographs that make these differences clear. The descriptions all talk about the shape of various lines on the wing around the discal spot. In this case even Leverton and Cubitt is not helpful, although they do suggest that the criteria, once learned are reliable. I need some lessons!

There being no handy teacher I've decided to go down the dissection route. As usual Chris Lewis at his brilliant website makes the dissection criteria very clear. Have a look here - https://britishlepidoptera.weebly.com/operophterini.html Interestingly Chris suggests that the external characters are not reliable.

I know some moth folk are not keen on killing moths to ascertain identification, and would likely just leave these things as Epirrita sp. I like to get stuff to species. To get useful photographs of moths prior to dissection takes some organisation. Indeed, to make sure the whole process is worthwhile takes some quite fastidious work including labelling the moths at an early stage and making sure each photo is directly attributable to a particular individual. Moths are best photographed alive, and I haven't in the (even recent) past always managed to ensure that the live photo can be attributed to a particular dissection. I'm on the case with Epirrita, after a few mis-starts.

Here's one I certainly tracked accurately through.

Epirrita christyi Pale November Moth, a male, 17/10/2024, live photo.

The 8th sternite, the shape is very distinctive.

8th sternite showing the octaval gap measured, = just a tad more than 0.2mm

A not especially good full dissection, it needed longer in the KOH, but the octavals on the 8th sternite can be seen to be close together and with a bit of imagination the dentate process on the ventral margin of the valvae can be seen. All these images are of the live moth pictured above.

Pale November Moth, Epirrita christyi was not the expected outcome, chuffed.

I dissected three more moths from 07/10/2024, unfortunately I did not associate the live photos directly with the specimens, thus only wings of dead specimens are photographed, and they are not especially good images. One moth was a female, the dissection does not differentiate the species reliably.

A better dissection, showing the valvae clearly. The octavals prove the identification. The photograph of the forewing is not especially useful.

Dissection proving November Moth, Epirrita diluta. Note the shape of the 8th sternite, top image, as well as the gap between the octavals. A perhaps more useful forewing image.

So two Epirrita species are occurring in the garden. I will carry out a few more dissections to try to understand the proportions of each species better. And I will shortly add some labelled photos of live moths to this post.

Off now to sort the trap from last night. But here's a cheeky predator caught on camera trap in our garden yesterday.

It's a Stoat by the way.

By the feeders

 Yesterday, early afternoon, and I drew a deck chair up by our bird feeders and sat there. Cup of coffee (yes, I've started drinking coffee again, but decaff') by my side, Em-5 Mk11 with the generally maligned, but I think it is a fabulous lens, Olympus 75-300 attached. The mission was to photograph Bank Vole Myodes glareolus, a very small mammal.

I'm an opportunist photographer usually. I rarely plan what I'm going to shoot, just have the gear with me most of the time and photograph what I come across. But getting pix of small mammals nearly always does require some planning. In this case the planning has been easy. The Bank Voles have been very active by the bird feeders for at least the last week and the bird feeders are in view from the kitchen table. Observations have taken place every lunch time. Initially the voles were running across from the other side of the gate to grab the sunflower seeds. More recently they have established a base on the feeder side of the gate and are stashing seeds away inside the wall. Through watching over several lunchtimes I'd discovered which were their favoured stashing places and their routes too and fro.

I hoped my presence much closer to the wall, with the inevitably accompanying hound, would not put the voles off, after all Louise mowing the lawn the other day had not seemed to bother them. I need not have worried. 

It was relatively easy to get shots of the voles leaving the hole in the wall, much more tricky capturing them as they arrived.

Myodes glareolus Bank Vole.

 Whilst sat there the birds were relatively undisturbed as well and I took a few shots of a few species.

Wren

Greenfinch.

Coal Tit.

House Sparrow.

The Big List

I'm working away at my Big List, my Pan-species List. Birders famously have lists, for twitchers the target used to be 400, to join the 400 Club, I believe the stakes are higher these days. In my more birdy days my bird self-found list was the big deal, and the target was 300. My birding self-found list is 286, I must sort out the Bean Goose on the list, and Bubo listing is weird about Fea's Petrel which I've found twice (because it can't be split from two other species in the field, however, Bubo allows all sorts of crazy botanical hybrids and unidentifiable other stuff, but I'll get on to that later) - you can tell I'm kind of grumpy about the Fea's thing! The last addition to the list was Eye-browed Thrush which I found in our Orkney garden about a year ago now.

I do rather like a list. At our new home in Perthshire I have a patch and so a patch birding list, currently a quite respectable 76 since mid-May. I have a garden pan-species list, only things I categorise as wild are included, it stands at 376, but I've a few outstanding things to add, Pied Wagtail on the roof of the house the other day for instance (not bad for a tennis court sized garden). However, the big deal is my full UK (actually Scotland, Wales and England) pan-species list. I'm busy trying to get this list up-to-date,from past records on iRecord, as well as adding new stuff.

Dicranopalpus ramosus, on the wall of the house.

The above Opilione is nearly the latest find. You'll probably have seen these on the wall of your house, or garage. Pretty distinctive things, except they're not. In 2015 it was discovered that there are two quite similar looking Dicranopalpus species in the UK. There are no obvious ID criteria for this species online, (there is an otherwise excellent interactive Field Studies Council key to Opiliones here - https://harvestmen.fscbiodiversity.uk/ ) instead you have to search out the 2015 paper by Hay Wijnhoven & Carlos E. Prieto 2015 (DICRANOPALPUS CAUDATUS DRESCO, 1948: NOT A SYNONYM OF DICRANOPALPUS RAMOSUS SIMON, 1909 BUT A VALID SPECIES AFTER ALL and use the illustrations and information within to make the identification. This involves euthanising the specimen and dissecting it.

Dicranopalpus ramosus, close up of body, alive.

Apophysis of the pedipalp, in the female, which this is, Apophysis is just a tad shorter than the tibia.

Base of the femur of the pedipalp. This apophysis is longer and slightly curved in D. ramosus.

Pedipalp claw, the "teeth" are longer and more even in D. ramosus.

The text of the paper is a tad confusing, however, the illustrations are wonderfully clear. Personally, I suspect this is all a bit of a fuss, because in life D. caudatus is considerably smaller than D. ramosus I believe, and a bit of a different shape. Things are now slightly more confused as a third Dicranopalpus species has been found in the UK, however, apparently that does look distinctly different and it's not just down to size, it would be easily recognisable in the field. All three species are adventives, they've arrived in UK by some sort of human agency, spiders seem to be especially good at that trick.

I've just found Pseudeuophrys lanigera again this is a fairly recent arrival in the UK also, 1930s I think.

Pseudeuophrys lanigera, a spider that is identifiable in the field, unfortunately this one didn't survive capture.

The BBC 4 documentary, The Magic of Mushrooms is well worth a watch. There are a lot of fungi here in Perthshire. I've just added all my fungi so far to my P-S list.  I've been trying to identify the fungi I've found and not having a book I've used AI and web resources. The book arrived this week so I will go through and check anything I think is dodgy. The AI is a useful learning tool, I use Obsidentify initially, then check images online and with the Danish picture AI tool. I'm just beginning to get the hang of some families and genera. Fungi are a bit of a nightmare as regards what is and what is not a species and I'm sure I will need to adjust my list from these early ID attempts as I learn more about the pitfalls. In addition, I've had some somewhat "over-enthusiastic verification" occur, with some revision by an expert human of AI identifications. On further checking with other humans the AI got these correctly in the first place and they were not species new or very, very rare in the UK (this did not occur on iRecord, I hasten to add). 

Mucidula mucida, Porcelain Fungus, a very beautiful small thing when fresh.

Obsidentify thought these were Leotia lubrica Jellybaby, they were re-identified by a human as a species unknown in the UK, but further research suggests that these are probably better described as Leotia lubrica senso lato (a species complex, and therefore not tickable for PSL, although they are currently listed there as a single species.)

Anyway, I rather liked these Angel Wings.

Pleurocybella porrigens Angel Wings.

I've added all my fungi to my PSL list today, it's not a huge number, but I've probably doubled the total in the last month or so. The new book, I bought the Collins Fungi Guide will help sort a few things out, but a compound microscope is a tool I need if I'm going to do these properly.

Back to the PSL on Bubo https://panspecieslisting.com/

It is a great site for us listers, and I'm only a bit grumpy - I'm not allowed Feral Cat as well as Fea's Petrel by the list. You can make up your own rules really - I include dead things if I find them myself, but I don't include unoccupied leafmines and galls, I have to actually see the beastie, not just its signs. I try to be consistent across orders, so I would not include hybrid plants, as I don't include hybrid Tufted Duck as something separate, for example. I mostly don't include species groups, and do try to get to species senso stricto, but as noted above this is not always clear; taxonomy is never fixed. My current list total is 1,806 species, I've probably got a few hundred things to add from iRecord, maybe not that many. I suspect my actual list total is about 2,000 species, so a bit of a low lister really!